Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a (39) ____ that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal (40) _____ to stem high inflation. Câu 1: (31) ____. A. dense-populated. B. densely-populated. Reading comprehension: Read the passage and choose the best answer Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. However, in such countries vital registration systems, which are the optimal source of these data, are seldom fully functional. 1 This is the case in Viet Nam, a densely populated developing country of 88 million people located in south-eastern Asia whose population Global issues Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Kathy Wilson Peacock Foreword by Jeremy Carl Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Stanford University It presents a unique guide to the lives and ideas of leading contributors to the contested terrain of development studies from both North and South. David Simon has assembled a highly authoritative team of contributors from different backgrounds and disciplines to reflect on the lives and contributions of fifty leading development thinkers from Vay Tiền Trả Góp 24 Tháng. Economy - overviewVietnam is a densely populated developing country that has been transitioning since 1986 from the rigidities of a centrally planned, highly agrarian economy to a more industrial and market based economy, and it has raised incomes substantially. Vietnam exceeded its 2017 GDP growth target of with growth of primarily due to unexpected increases in domestic demand, and strong manufacturing has a young population, stable political system, commitment to sustainable growth, relatively low inflation, stable currency, strong FDI inflows, and strong manufacturing sector. In addition, the country is committed to continuing its global economic integration. Vietnam joined the WTO in January 2007 and concluded several free trade agreements in 2015-16, including the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement which the EU has not yet ratified, the Korean Free Trade Agreement, and the Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement. In 2017, Vietnam successfully chaired the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC Conference with its key priorities including inclusive growth, innovation, strengthening small and medium enterprises, food security, and climate change. Seeking to diversify its opportunities, Vietnam also signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for the Transpacific Partnership in 2018 and continued to pursue the Regional Comprehensive Economic continue its trajectory of strong economic growth, the government acknowledges the need to spark a second wave’ of reforms, including reforming state-owned-enterprises, reducing red tape, increasing business sector transparency, reducing the level of non-performing loans in the banking sector, and increasing financial sector transparency. Vietnam’s public debt to GDP ratio is nearing the government mandated ceiling of 65%.In 2016, Vietnam cancelled its civilian nuclear energy development program, citing public concerns about safety and the high cost of the program; it faces growing pressure on energy infrastructure. Overall, the country’s infrastructure fails to meet the needs of an expanding middle class. Vietnam has demonstrated a commitment to sustainable growth over the last several years, but despite the recent speed-up in economic growth the government remains cautious about the risk of external purchasing power parity$ billion 2019 est.$ billion 2018 est.$ billion 2017 est.note data are in 2017 dollarsGDP official exchange rate$ billion 2019 est.GDP - real growth 2017 est. 2017 est. 2016 est.GDP - per capita PPP$8,041 2019 est.$7,586 2018 est.$7,156 2017 est.note data are in 2010 dollarsGross national of GDP 2019 est. of GDP 2018 est. of GDP 2017 est.GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption 2017 est.government consumption 2017 est.investment in fixed capital 2017 est.investment in inventories 2017 est.exports of goods and services 100% 2017 est.imports of goods and services -101% 2017 est.GDP - composition by sectoragriculture 2017 est.industry 2017 est.services 2017 est.Ease of Doing Business Index scoresOverall score 2020Starting a Business score 2020Trading score 2020Enforcement score 2020Population below poverty 2018 est.Labor million 2019 est.Labor force - by occupationagriculture 34% 2017Unemployment 2018 est. 2017 est.Unemployment, youth ages 15-24total 2020 est.Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10% 10% 2014Distribution of family income - Gini 2018 est. 2008Budgetrevenues billion 2017 est.expenditures billion 2017 est.Taxes and other of GDP 2017 est.Budget surplus + or deficit - of GDP 2017 est.Public of GDP 2017 est. of GDP 2016 est.note official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctionsInflation rate consumer prices 2019 est. 2018 est. 2017 est.Credit ratingsFitch rating BB 2018Moody's rating Ba3 2018Standard & Poors rating BB 2019Agriculture - productsrice, vegetables, sugar cane, cassava, maize, pork, fruit, bananas, coffee, coconutsIndustriesfood processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phonesIndustrial production growth rate8% 2017 est.Current Account Balance$ billion 2019 est.$ billion 2018 est.Exports$ billion 2019 est.$ billion 2018 est.$ billion 2017 est.Exports - commoditiesbroadcasting equipment, telephones, integrated circuits, footwear, furniture 2019Exports - partnersUnited States 23%, China 14%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7% 2019Imports$ billion 2019 est.$ billion 2018 est.$ billion 2017 est.Imports - commoditiesintegrated circuits, telephones, refined petroleum, textiles, semiconductors 2019Imports - partnersChina 35%, South Korea 18%, Japan 6% 2019Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$ billion 31 December 2017 est.$ billion 31 December 2016 est.Debt - external$ billion 31 December 2017 est.$ billion 31 December 2016 est.Exchange ratesdong VND per US dollar -23,129 2020 est.23, 2019 est.23, 2018 est.21,909 2014 est.21,189 2013 est.Fiscal yearcalendar year Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from l986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries.. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in 2003. Vietnam joined the WTO World Trade Organization in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing reforms. Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of during the next five years. According to the text, Vietnam nhật ngày 27-08-2022Chia sẻ bởi Lê á phụngVietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from l986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries..Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in joined the WTO World Trade Organization in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of during the next five to the text, Vietnam has been modernizing the economy B Vietnam is still in extreme povertyC could recover from the consequences of the war soonD used to be well-developed before 1986Chủ đề liên quanVietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from l986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries..Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in joined the WTO World Trade Organization in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of during the next five exported to the US in 2003 twice as many goods as in 2002B does not export anything to the USC did not export goods to the US in 2002D did not export goods to the US in 2003Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from l986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries..Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in joined the WTO World Trade Organization in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of during the next five word "This" in bold refers to Vietnam's joining the WTO C the negotiating process Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from l986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries..Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in joined the WTO World Trade Organization in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of during the next five word "stem" has a close meaning to of the people who like films are only interested in the leading actor or actress when they enjoy a film. It seems to them that only the actors or actresses have made the film successful. They always pay attention to their appearance, performance, and fashion. There are many film viewers who have no awareness of the other people’s work to make a film. A finished film is, actually, the result of the collaboration of many people, and the most important among them are the scriptwriter, the cinematographer, the film editor, the actor, and the director. Especially, in some thrilling scenes, the roles of stuntmen are very important. They are always in danger when they are acting; some of them are even badly hurt. But what a pity, many film viewers rarely appreciate their are many film viewers most interested in?AThe leading actor or of the people who like films are only interested in the leading actor or actress when they enjoy a film. It seems to them that only the actors or actresses have made the film successful. They always pay attention to their appearance, performance, and fashion. There are many film viewers who have no awareness of the other people’s work to make a film. A finished film is, actually, the result of the collaboration of many people, and the most important among them are the scriptwriter, the cinematographer, the film editor, the actor, and the director. Especially, in some thrilling scenes, the roles of stuntmen are very important. They are always in danger when they are acting; some of them are even badly hurt. But what a pity, many film viewers rarely appreciate their to the passage, only the actors or actresses have made of the people who like films are only interested in the leading actor or actress when they enjoy a film. It seems to them that only the actors or actresses have made the film successful. They always pay attention to their appearance, performance, and fashion. There are many film viewers who have no awareness of the other people’s work to make a film. A finished film is, actually, the result of the collaboration of many people, and the most important among them are the scriptwriter, the cinematographer, the film editor, the actor, and the director. Especially, in some thrilling scenes, the roles of stuntmen are very important. They are always in danger when they are acting; some of them are even badly hurt. But what a pity, many film viewers rarely appreciate their do many film viewers pay attention to?Athe actors’ and actresses’ appearance, performance, and fashionBthe director’s name and appearanceCthe pictures taken by the cinematographerDthe leading actors’ or actresses’ familyMost of the people who like films are only interested in the leading actor or actress when they enjoy a film. It seems to them that only the actors or actresses have made the film successful. They always pay attention to their appearance, performance, and fashion. There are many film viewers who have no awareness of the other people’s work to make a film. A finished film is, actually, the result of the collaboration of many people, and the most important among them are the scriptwriter, the cinematographer, the film editor, the actor, and the director. Especially, in some thrilling scenes, the roles of stuntmen are very important. They are always in danger when they are acting; some of them are even badly hurt. But what a pity, many film viewers rarely appreciate their is the work of stuntment?Most of the people who like films are only interested in the leading actor or actress when they enjoy a film. It seems to them that only the actors or actresses have made the film successful. They always pay attention to their appearance, performance, and fashion. There are many film viewers who have no awareness of the other people’s work to make a film. A finished film is, actually, the result of the collaboration of many people, and the most important among them are the scriptwriter, the cinematographer, the film editor, the actor, and the director. Especially, in some thrilling scenes, the roles of stuntmen are very important. They are always in danger when they are acting; some of them are even badly hurt. But what a pity, many film viewers rarely appreciate their finished film is the result of the collaboration of -B only actors and actresses. Vietnam has been a development success story. Economic reforms since the launch of Đổi Mới in 1986, coupled with beneficial global trends, have helped propel Vietnam from being one of the world’s poorest nations to a middle-income economy in one generation. Between 2002 and 2021, GDP per capita increased times, reaching almost US$3,700. Poverty rates US$ 2017 PPP declined from 14 in 2010 to percent in to its solid foundations, the economy has proven resilient through different crises. GDP growth is projected to ease to percent in 2023, down from 8% in 2022, due to the moderation of domestic demand and exports. Vietnam's economic growth is expected to rebound to percent in 2024 as domestic inflation could subside from 2024 onward. This will be further supported by the accelerating recovery of its main export markets Eurozone, and China.Growing at to percent per year over the past three decades, the agriculture sector has supported economic growth and ensured food security. It contributed 14 percent of GDP and 38 percent of employment in 2020 while earning more than US$48 billion in export revenues in 2021 during the peak of the COVID-19 outcomes have improved along with rising living standards. Infant mortality rates fell from per 1,000 live births in 1993 to in 2020. Life expectancy rose from to years between 1990 and 2020. Vietnam’s universal health coverage index is at 73—higher than regional and global averages—with 87 percent of the population covered by the national health insurance average duration of learning-adjusted schooling is years, second only to Singapore among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. Its human capital index is out of a maximum of one, the highest among lower middle-income to infrastructure services has increased dramatically. As of 2019, percent of the population used electricity as their main source of lighting, up from just 14 percent in 1993. Access to clean water in rural areas has also improved—up from 17 percent in 1993 to 51 percent in has grown bolder in its development aspirations, aiming to become a high-income country by 2045. To achieve this goal, the economy would have to grow at an annual average rate of per capita for the next 25 years. Vietnam also aims to grow in a greener, more inclusive way, and has committed to reducing methane emissions by 30 percent and halting deforestation by 2030 while achieving net zero carbon emissions by few megatrends are shaping the future of Vietnam. The country’s population is rapidly aging and global trade is declining. Environmental degradation, climate change, and the rise of automation are growing. The COVID-19 crisis presented unprecedented challenges that might undermine progress towards development rise to these challenges, Vietnam needs to dramatically improve its performance to implement policies particularly in finance, environment, digital transformation, poverty/social protection, and infrastructure, according to the World Bank’s latest Systematic Country Diagnostic Update. Last Updated Apr 14, 2023 98,821,289Given Vietnam’s turbulent history, the country is making great strides in population growth. Currently, Vietnam’s population is million people, a number expected to hit 100 million by the end of 2024. Vietnam’s population is projected to hit its peak of million people in 2054. Vietnam’s population is increasing by about 1% each year, adding about 1 million people per year. Despite this, the annual population growth rate is decreasing each year and eventually, the population will begin decreasing after 2055. Vietnam’s fertility rate in 1980 was 5 births per woman, which has decreased to births per woman. This is the result of the government’s “two-child policy” that limits births by issuing contraception, fining couples that have more than two children, and prohibiting them from moving to urban centers. Vietnam Population Growth Further consistent growth followed, even through the long years of the Vietnam War which you may have been assumed to have a negative sort of impact on the population of Vietnam. In fact, growth continued at a similar level throughout the second half of the 1900’s and has continued further to the point where the Vietnam population of 2014 stands at just short of 93 million. From the years of 1955 to 1990, Vietnam enjoyed positive yearly population changes of over 2% - even as much as 3% in some years. However, since that time, the increase percentage has fallen to just below a full 1%. Vietnam Population Projections The growth Vietnam has seen in the recent past is expected to continue, however, at an increasingly slower rate. By 2035, the population will be growing half as quickly as it is today. It is projected that the Vietnam population will break 100 million by current population of Vietnam is 98,821,289 based on projections of the latest United Nations data. The UN estimates the July 1, 2023 population at 98,858, Growth RateVietnam Population 2023 LiveVietnam Population ClockVietnam Population as of 6/9/202398,821,289Last UN Estimate July 1, 202398,858,950Births per Day3,885Deaths per Day1,865Migrations per Day-226Net Change per Day1,793Population Change Since Jan. 1286,880Net increase of 1 person every 48 secondsPopulation estimates based on interpolation of data from World Population ProspectsComponents of Population ChangeOne birth every 22 secondsOne death every 46 secondsOne emigrant every minutesNet gain of one person every 48 secondsVietnam Population ClockVietnam Area and Population Density In comparison, Vietnam has a small surface area, and at 331,210 square kilometers 128,565 square miles, this is only the world’s 65th largest in terms of landmass alone. Those two sets of figures would suggest a densely populated landscape and that is the case to an extent. For every square kilometer of land, there is an average of people. That number converts to individuals per square mile and overall, this becomes the 46th most densely populated country on earth. Largest Cities in Vietnam Vietnam has 5 cities with populations over one million, the largest of which is Ho Chi Minh City with a population of 8,636,899. The city of Ha Noi is a close second with 7,781,631 people residing there. The remaining 3 cities with substantial populations are Hai Phong, Da Nang, and Can Population Density MapVietnam Population by Year HistoricalVietnam Population by Year ProjectionsVietnam Population Pyramid 2023Vietnam Median AgeVietnam Population by AgeThere are people over age 18 in YearsVietnam Population PyramidOn the eastern tip of the Indochina peninsula in southeast Asia, Vietnam is one of the larger and more densely populated countries in the region. Vietnam Demographics The CIA World Factbook has also produced some interesting figures in relation to life expectancy and these stand at relatively healthy levels. The organization claims that in 2011, those figures stood at years overall, which could be divided between males at years and females at years. This is arguably one of the most diverse countries on earth when it comes to ethnicity splits and in fact, the Vietnamese government recognizes no less than 54 ethnic groups within the country. The World Factbook gives us a breakdown of Kinh Viet at Tay Thai Muong Khmer Mong Nung Hoa 1%, other ethnicities Vietnam Religion, Economy and Politics In terms of religious preferences among the population of Vietnam in the World Factbook, we see Buddhists at Catholic Hoa Hao Cao Dai Protestant Muslim no preferred religion The World Happiness Report shows a ranking of 95, with a rating of in terms of overall happiness. In terms of health care and access to clean drinking water and improved sanitation facilities, of the GDP is spent in healthcare, resulting in .82 professional physicians available per 1,000 residents and beds available in healthcare institutions per 1,000 individuals. When we examine the access to drinking water, of the population has improved access, while only 78% have improved access to improved sanitation facilities. of the population aged over 15 is literate. Vietnam Population History In the absence of any confirmed figures from within the country itself, it is necessary to turn to UN estimates to gauge how the population of Vietnam has been developing over the years. Back in 1950, the organization claimed that there were 28,264,000 people living here and just five years later in 1955, those numbers had swelled significantly to 31,329, - General InfoGeneral Statistics OfficeGeneral Statistics OfficeWorld Population Prospects 2022 Revision - United Nations population estimates and ECONOMY Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress towards a market oriented economy. GDP growth of in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then rose to 7% in 2000-04 even against the background of global recession. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. However, equitization of state-owned enterprises and reduction in the proportion of non-performing loans has fallen behind schedule. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area AFTA and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in 2003. Vietnam is working toward accession to the WTO in 2005. Among other benefits, accession will allow Vietnam to take advantage of the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO partners on 1 January 2005. Vietnam is working to promote job creation to keep up with the country's high population growth rate. However, in 2004, high levels of inflation prompted Vietnamese authorities to tighten monetary and fiscal policies. GDP purchasing power parity - $ billion 2004 est. GDP - real growth rate 2004 est. GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,700 2004 est. GDP - composition by sector agriculture industry services 2004 est. Investment gross fixed of GDP 2004 est. Population below poverty line 2002 est. Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10% highest 10% 1998 Distribution of family income - Gini index 1998 Inflation rate consumer prices 2004 est. Labor force million 2004 est. Labor force - by occupation agriculture 63%, industry and services 37% 2000 est. Unemployment rate 2004 est. Budget revenues $ billion expenditures $ billion, including capital expenditures of $ billion 2004 est. Public debt of GDP 2004 est. Agriculture - products paddy rice, coffee, fish and seafood, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas, poultry Industries food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper Industrial production growth rate 16% 2004 est. Electricity - production billion kWh 2002 Electricity - consumption billion kWh 2002 Electricity - exports 0 kWh 2002 Electricity - imports 0 kWh 2002 Oil - production 359,400 bbl/day 2004 est. Oil - consumption 185,000 bbl/day 2001 est. Oil - exports NA Oil - imports NA Oil - proved reserves 650 million bbl 2004 est. Natural gas - production billion cu m 2001 est. Natural gas - consumption billion cu m 2001 est. Natural gas - exports 0 cu m 2001 est. Natural gas - imports 0 cu m 2001 est. Natural gas - proved reserves billion cu m 2004 Current account balance $ billion 2004 est. Exports $ billion 2004 est. Exports - commodities crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes Exports - partners US Japan Australia China Germany Singapore UK 2003 Imports $ billion 2004 est. Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles Imports - partners China Taiwan Japan South Korea 11%, Singapore US Thailand Hong Kong 2003 Reserves of foreign exchange & gold $ billion 2004 est. Debt - external $ billion 2004 est. Economic aid - recipient $ billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 2004 Currency dong VND Currency code VND Exchange rates dong per US dollar - 15,787 2004, 15, 2003, 15, 2002, 14, 2001, 14, 2000 Fiscal year calendar year

vietnam is a densely populated developing country